Correlation is not Causation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29173/cjen312Abstract
In a recent news release, a link was announced between increased antibiotic use and the development of breast cancer (CBC staff, 2004). While researchers were careful in the article to reinforce that cause and effect have not been established, this was not clear in subsequent television and radio reports about the research. All too often, we hear of “links” or “associations” between variables and begin to consider this proof that one causes the other. Many health research studies involve testing for associations between variables and are referred to as correlational studies. Patients may bring in articles and ask about the studies, or we may be looking for information to support our practices. Either way, we need to be familiar with the meaning of studies discussing associations or links between variables. The purpose of this article is to explore the concept of correlation, describe correlational studies, and then to discuss the criteria required for establishing causation.References
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